Classical Conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical Conditioning Essay It is a continuous challenge living with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and I’ve suffered from it for most of my life. I can look back now and gently laugh at all the people who thought I had the perfect life. I was young, beautiful, and talented, but unbeknownst to them, I was terrorized by an undiagnosed debilitating mental illness. Having been properly diagnosed with PTSD at age 35, I know that there is not one aspect of my life that has gone untouched by this mental illness. My PTSD was triggered by several traumas, most importantly a sexual attack at knifepoint that left me thinking I would die. I would never be the same after that attack. For me there was no safe place in the world, not even my home. I went to the police and filed a report. Rape counselors came to see me while I was in the hospital, but I declined their help, convinced that I didn’t need it. This would be the most damaging decision of my life. For months after the attack, I couldn’t close my eyes without envisioning the face of my attacker. I suffered horrific flashbacks and nightmares. For four years after the attack I was unable to sleep alone in my house. I obsessively checked windows, doors, and locks. By age 17, I’d suffered my first panic attack. Soon I became unable to leave my apartment for weeks at a time, ending my modeling career abruptly. This just became a way of life. Years passed when I had few or no symptoms at all, and I led what I thought was a fairly normal life, just thinking I had a â€Å"panic problem. † Then another traumatic event retriggered the PTSD. It was as if the past had evaporated, and I was back in the place of my attack, only now I had uncontrollable thoughts of someone entering my house and harming my daughter. I saw violent images every time I closed my eyes. I lost all ability to concentrate or even complete simple tasks. Normally social, I stopped trying to make friends or get involved in my community. I often felt disoriented, forgetting where, or who, I was. I would panic on the freeway and became unable to drive, again ending a career. I felt as if I had completely lost my mind. For a time, I managed to keep it together on the outside, but then I became unable to leave my house again. Around this time I was diagnosed with PTSD. I cannot express to you the enormous relief I felt when I discovered my condition was real and treatable. I felt safe for the first time in 32 years. Taking medication and undergoing behavioral therapy marked the turning point in my regaining control of my life. I’m rebuilding a satisfying career as an artist, and I am enjoying my life. The world is new to me and not limited by the restrictive vision of anxiety. It amazes me to think back to what my life was like only a year ago, and just how far I’ve come. For me there is no cure, no final healing. But there are things I can do to ensure that I never have to suffer as I did before being diagnosed with PTSD. I’m no longer at the mercy of my disorder, and I would not be here today had I not had the proper diagnosis and treatment. The most important thing to know is that it’s never too late to seek help. [1] In the early part of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) was studying the digestive system of dogs when he noticed an interesting behavioral phenomenon: The dogs began to salivate when the lab technicians who normally fed them entered the room, even though the dogs had not yet received any food. Pavlov realized that the dogs were salivating because they knew that they were about to be fed; the dogs had begun to associate the arrival of the technicians with the food that soon followed their appearance in the room. With his team of researchers, Pavlov began studying this process in more detail. He conducted a series of experiments in which, over a number of trials, dogs were exposed to a sound immediately before receiving food. He systematically controlled the onset of the sound and the timing of the delivery of the food, and recorded the amount of the dogs’ salivation. Initially the dogs salivated only when they saw or smelled the food, but after several pairings of the sound and the food, the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the sound. The animals had learned to associate the sound with the food that followed. Pavlov identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e. g. , a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e. g. , food) that naturally produces a specific behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior. As you can see in the following figure, psychologists use specific terms to identify the stimuli and the responses in classical conditioning. Theunconditioned stimulus (US) is something (such as food) that triggers a natural occurring response, and the unconditioned response (UR) is the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiment, the sound of the tone served as the conditioned stimulus that, after learning, produced the conditioned response (CR), which is the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. Note that the UR and the CR are the same behavior—in this case salivation—but they are given different names because they are produced by different stimuli (the US and the CS, respectively). Classical Conditioning Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally produces the unconditioned response (UR). Top right: Before conditioning, the neutral stimulus (the whistle) does not produce the salivation response. Bottom left: The unconditioned stimulus (US), in this case the food, is repeatedly presented immediately after the neutral stimulus. Bottom right: After learning, the neutral stimulus (now known as the conditioned stimulus or CS), is sufficient to produce the conditioned responses (CR). From Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0, CC-BY-NC-SA. Conditioning is evolutionarily beneficial because it allows organisms to develop expectations that help them prepare for both good and bad events. Imagine, for instance, that an animal first smells a new food, eats it, and then gets sick. If the animal can learn to associate the smell (CS) with the food (US), then it will quickly learn that the food creates the negative outcome and will not eat it next time. Module 13 /The Persistence and Extinction of Conditioning After he had demonstrated that learning could occur through association, Pavlov moved on to study the variables that influenced the strength and the persistence of conditioning. In some studies, after the conditioning had taken place, Pavlov presented the sound repeatedly but without presenting the food afterward. As you can see, after the initial acquisition (learning) phase in which the conditioning occurred, when the CS was then presented alone, the behavior rapidly decreased—the dogs salivated less and less to the sound, and eventually the sound did not elicit salivation at all. Extinction is the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Although at the end of the first extinction period the CS was no longer producing salivation, the effects of conditioning had not entirely disappeared. Pavlov found that, after a pause, sounding the tone again elicited salivation, although to a lesser extent than before extinction took place. The increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinction is known as spontaneous recovery. When Pavlov again presented the CS alone, the behavior again showed extinction. Although the behavior has disappeared, extinction is never complete. If conditioning is again attempted, the animal will learn the new associations much faster than it did the first time. Pavlov also experimented with presenting new stimuli that were similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus. For instance, if the dog had been conditioned to being scratched before the food arrived, the stimulus would be changed to being rubbed rather than scratched. He found that the dogs also salivated upon experiencing the similar stimulus, a process known as generalization. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. The ability to generalize has important evolutionary significance. If we eat some red berries and they make us sick, it would be a good idea to think twice before we eat some purple berries. Although the berries are not exactly the same, they nevertheless are similar and may have the same negative properties. Lewicki [1] conducted research that demonstrated the influence of stimulus generalization and how quickly and easily it can happen. In his experiment, high school students first had a brief interaction with a female experimenter who had short hair and glasses. The study was set up so that the students had to ask the experimenter a question, and (according to random assignment) the experimenter responded either in a negative way or a neutral way toward the students. Then the students were told to go into a second room in which two experimenters were present, and to approach either one of them. However, the researchers arranged it so that one of the two experimenters looked a lot like the original experimenter, while the other one did not (she had longer hair and no glasses). The students were significantly more likely to avoid the experimenter who looked like the earlier experimenter when that experimenter had been negative to them than when she had treated them more neutrally. The participants showed stimulus generalization such that the new, similar-looking experimenter created the same negative response in the participants as had the experimenter in the prior session. The flip side of generalization is discrimination—the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. Pavlov’s dogs quickly learned, for example, to salivate when they heard the specific tone that had preceded food, but not upon hearing similar tones that had never been associated with food. Discrimination is also useful—if we do try the purple berries, and if they do not make us sick, we will be able to make the distinction in the future. And we can learn that although the two people in our class, Courtney and Sarah, may look a lot alike, they are nevertheless different people with different personalities. In some cases, an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus—a process known as second-order conditioning. In one of Pavlov’s studies, for instance, he first conditioned the dogs to salivate to a sound, and then repeatedly paired a new CS, a black square, with the sound. Eventually he found that the dogs would salivate at the sight of the black square alone, even though it had never been directly associated with the food. Secondary conditioners in everyday life include our attractions to things that stand for or remind us of something else, such as when we feel good on a Friday because it has become associated with the paycheck that we receive on that day, which itself is a conditioned stimulus for the pleasures that the paycheck buys us. Module 13 /The Role of Nature in Classical Conditioning Scientists associated with the behaviorist school argued that all learning is driven by experience, and that nature plays no role. Classical conditioning, which is based on learning through experience, represents an example of the importance of the environment. But classical conditioning cannot be understood entirely in terms of experience. Nature also plays a part, as our evolutionary history has made us better able to learn some associations than others. Clinical psychologists make use of classical conditioning to explain the learning of a phobia—a strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. For example, driving a car is a neutral event that would not normally elicit a fear response in most people. But if a person were to experience a panic attack in which he suddenly experienced strong negative emotions while driving, he may learn to associate driving with the panic response. The driving has become the CS that now creates the fear response. Psychologists have also discovered that people do not develop phobias to just anything. Although people may in some cases develop a driving phobia, they are more likely to develop phobias toward objects (such as snakes, spiders, heights, and open spaces) that have been dangerous to people in the past. In modern life, it is rare for humans to be bitten by spiders or snakes, to fall from trees or buildings, or to be attacked by a predator in an open area. Being injured while riding in a car or being cut by a knife are much more likely. But in our evolutionary past, the potential of being bitten by snakes or spiders, falling out of a tree, or being trapped in an open space were important evolutionary concerns, and therefore humans are still evolutionarily prepared to learn these associations over others. [1] [2] Another evolutionarily important type of conditioning is conditioning related to food. In his important research on food conditioning, John Garcia and his colleagues [3] [4] attempted to condition rats by presenting either a taste, a sight, or a sound as a neutral stimulus before the rats were given drugs (the US) that made them nauseous. Garcia discovered that taste conditioning was extremely powerful—the rat learned to avoid the taste associated with illness, even if the illness occurred several hours later. But conditioning the behavioral response of nausea to a sight or a sound was much more difficult. These results contradicted the idea that conditioning occurs entirely as a result of environmental events, such that it would occur equally for any kind of unconditioned stimulus that followed any kind of conditioned stimulus. Rather, Garcia’s research showed that genetics matters—organisms are evolutionarily prepared to learn some associations more easily than others. You can see that the ability to associate smells with illness is an important survival mechanism, allowing the organism to quickly learn to avoid foods that are poisonous. Classical conditioning has also been used to help explain the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as in the case of P. K. Philips described at the beginning of this module. PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a fearful event, such as the threat of death. [5] PTSD occurs when the individual develops a strong association between the situational factors that surrounded the traumatic event (e. g. , military uniforms or the sounds or smells of war) and the US (the fearful trauma itself). As a result of the conditioning, being exposed to, or even thinking about the situation in which the trauma occurred (the CS), becomes sufficient to produce the CR of severe anxiety. [6] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Case of Classical Conditioning Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a case of classical conditioning to a severe trauma that does not easily become extinct. In this case the original fear response, experienced during combat, has become conditioned to a loud noise. When the person with PTSD hears a loud noise, he or she experiences a fear response despite being far from the site of the original trauma. From Flat World Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0.  © Thinkstock. PTSD develops because the emotions experienced during the event have produced neural activity in the amygdala and created strong conditioned learning. In addition to the strong conditioning that people with PTSD experience, they also show slower extinction in classical conditioning tasks. [7] In short, people with PTSD have developed very strong associations with the events surrounding the trauma and are also slow to show extinction to the conditioned stimulus.

Issues And Challenges Facing Nurses Nursing Essay

Issues And Challenges Facing Nurses Nursing Essay Mary Seacole gained her reputation after the Crimean War (1853-1856). Florence Nightingale needed 40 nurses to work in a hospital in London. Although Mary Seacole went to London and brought many letters of recommendation from doctors with whom she had worked, she was told her services were not needed. In 1855, Mary Seacole went back to London anyway, funding her own way there. To pay for the long sea journey, she took food and other useful things with her. She established the British Hotel where soldiers were able to buy food and drinks. Mary cared for the soldiers and helped the wounded soldiers on the battlefield. She gained the name Mother Seacole. She was honored with many awards and medals for her dedication to helping soldiers. Mary Elizabeth Carnegie Mary Elizabeth Carnegie Carnegie graduated with a diploma from Lincoln School of Nurses in New York in 1937. Carnegie earned a BA degree from West Virginia State College; a certificate from the University of Toronto; an MA from Syracuse University and a DPA from New York University. Carnegie initiated the BSN program at Hampton University in Virginia. She also started the BSN program while assuming the position of Dean of Florida AM University School of Nursing in Tallahassee, which became the first National League for Nursing accredited program in the state of Florida. In 1942, the Florida State Nurses Association (FSNA) voted to admit black nurses to membership. Although they paid dues, black nurses were not allowed to speak or participate in meetings. Carnegies contributions as a nurse scholar and leader helped break down racial barriers. She became a full member of FSNA in 1948, and by 1949, was elected to the board of directors. Carnegie was inducted into the FNA Hall of Fame. She served as the editor of Nursing Research and served on the editorial staff of the American Journal of Nursing from 1953 to 1978. Carnegie also authored three books: Disadvantaged Students in RN Programs, Historical Perspectives of Nursing Research, and The Path We Tread: Blacks in Nursing, 1854-1994. Rhetaugh Graves Dumas Rhetaugh Graves Dumas was a pioneer and vibrant leader in nursing. She was a graduate of Dillard University School of Nursing in 1951. She was the first African American woman and the first nurse to be officially selected as deputy director of the National Institute of Mental Health. Rhetaugh received her MSN from Yale and was the first nurse to perform a randomized experimental design to study clinical nursing problems. She was the Vice Provost of Health Affairs at UM and the Lucille Cole Professor of Nursing. In 1997, she was named Dean Emerita and Vice Provost Emerita of the University of Michigan. She was a founding member and former president of the American Academy of Nursing, and wrote an influential research paper, The Effect of Nursing Care on Postoperative Vomiting. She also wrote the oft-cited Dilemmas of Black Females in Leadership in 1980. Mary Mahoney Mary Mahoney was admitted to the New England Hospital for Women and Children nursing program at the age of thirty-three. The program was sixteen months and included lectures and hands-on patient care. Of the forty-two students admitted to the program, only four graduated and Mary Mahoney was one of those four graduates. She received her nursing certification on August 1, 1879, making her the first African-American in history to earn a professional nursing license. Mary was most noted for her hard work to improve the status of African-American nurses and encourage the expansion of intercultural relations. Mary was the co-founder of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908. Mary Mahoney helped open the doors of opportunity for the African-American nurses. Beverly Malone Dr. Beverly Malone PhD, RN, FAAN has been since July 2001, general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing. She is also a board member of HEFCE. While working as dean and professor of the School of Nursing at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University at Greensboro, she also served on the Governors Task Force on the Nursing Shortage and was a commissioner of the North Carolina Commission on Health Services. Dr. Malone held the positions of president of the American Nurses Association (ANA) (1996-2000) and Deputy Assistant Secretary at the United States Department of Health and Human Services for a one year term. Dr. Malone also served as the representative of the U.S. International Council of Nurses. Dr. Malone has also served on former President HYPERLINK http://en.nursingwiki.org/index.php?title=President_Clintonaction=editredlink=1Bill Clintons Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry. Dr. Malone was later appointed as a member of the U.S. delegation to the World Health Assembly, by former President Clinton and was a part of the presidents table discussion on the Patients Bill of Rights. Dr. Malone also served on the board of directors of the National Patient Safety Partnership, a collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the American Medical Association and other national health care organizations. She was the second African-American to serve as president of the ANA. Interview 1 nurse who was employed in nursing prior to 1980s I interviewed Kathleen Venable who graduated from Alcorn State University with an ASN. Kathleen also received a BSN from Loyola University and a Masters of Science from Southeastern Louisiana University. I asked her about a typical day shift, beginning and ending salary and similarities and differences with contemporary nursing prior to the 1980s. Typical day/shift Mrs. Venable worked at Catahoula hospital, a sixty-four bed hospital in Jonesville, LA. The hospital is split into east and west wings. She worked on a thirty-four bed hall. The unit consisted of two RNs (one head nurse), a LPN and 2 Certified Nursing Assistants. The head nurse was in charge of documenting all orders from doctors and any stat orders that needed to be brought other places someone off the unit had to bring it. The other floor RN was responsible for starting all IVs and administering all IV push medications. If the unit was full the nurses were assigned 15 patients a piece. Beginning and ending salary Mrs. Venable beginning salary was 8.25 and when she left a year later and went to Our Lady of the Lake she was offered 8.25 with shift differential. Now the average starting salary in Louisiana is 19.25-20.00 an hour with shift differentials. Similarities and differences with contemporary nursing There were many differences with nursing compared to now there was no set limit to nurse to patient ratio, there werent any Braden or pain scales. There were no resources to help the patients after being discharged from the hospital such as social workers, home health, Council on Aging or rehabilitation services. Nurses were unable to challenge a doctors decision and be the best patient advocate they could be because whatever the doctor said no one could question it for fear of losing their job. Similarities the nursing process was around and the typical working shift is still the same (12 hour shifts). She stated that there is much advancement in medicine today but the amount of time and energy is still the same in patient care. Review 1 prominent nursing journal published in early 1900s What are the similarities and differences with the same journal in the early 1990s compared to the 2000s Emphasize nursing roles and responsibilities The American Journal of nursing is the oldest nursing journal around. In the 1990s the journal wrote about mandating nursing caps, how to keep up with your staff after retirement and Faculty as relief staff to palliative care, and responding to disasters. The focus is still improving patient care but with all the recent tragedies America has had, the journal has shifted to teaching nurses how to care for patient after catastrophes. The Present Which nurses or nurse educators serve as role models to you? What are some of that persons characteristics that attract you? The nurses that serve as my role model are London Lewis (sister-in-law) and Mrs. Lois Bridgewater. London Lewis graduated from William Carey University. She is married with a child, but she didnt allow that to stop her. She is now in a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist program and is scheduled to graduate in May 2011. London was a full time wife and mother all while receiving a BSN and working on her current degree. London graduated from William Carey and her professors continue to speak highly of her motivation and dedication to becoming a nurse. Mrs. Lois Bridgewater is also one of my role models. She was my clinical instructor in nursing 310. What amazes me about her is the drive she has to accomplish everything she set out to do. She is an expert in her field and while at North Oaks Hospital, the staff respected her decisions and work ethics. Mrs. Bridgewater is not only a nurse but also a Certified Midwife, and shes working on her Family Nurse Practitioner. Respond to the following questions: What types of software skills are critical for new nurses entering the workforce? The type of software skills needed for new nurses entering the workforce are Microsoft Office which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook. Why is it important for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information? It is important for new nurses to be able to search the Internet for information, in the event they have a question about something and there arent any resources available to you at that moment. The nurse can always get on the computer and find the information needed at that moment. The Future What are some of the challenges you see facing the nursing profession in the The challenges I see facing the nursing profession is patient healthcare due to nursing shortage. With the shortage of nurses, there is an increase in the patient to nurse ratio. With more patients, a nurse has less time to spend with each patient, which causes a decrease in the quality of care to all patients.

Price Of Palm Oil In Malaysia Economics Essay

Price Of Palm Oil In Malaysia Economics Essay INTRODUCTION The most commercial product that contributed to our national income is palm oil product. Nowadays, palm oil is the one of the major oils and fats that is produced and traded in the world where Malaysia is the second largest exporter to produce the palm oil in this world in terms of production and export and this sector contributes more than 30% of the total income to our country. But in 2003, Malaysia become largest producer and Indonesia is a second largest. Because of many land in Indonesia opened to plant the palm oil and exceed the hectares of plantation in Malaysia, Indonesia become the largest producer in the world follow by Malaysia. It is all because of the tremendous increase in production and export volume of palm oil to fulfill the world demand of palm oil. The success story of the Malaysian Palm oil industry was due to the synergistic effort of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and the industry in carrying out RD and marketing activities. These non-stop efforts have led to higher production and exports, making palm oil always readily available in the world market. But oil palm also facing challenges in enhancing productivity, increasing workflow efficiency and maximizing profits. As the second leader in the palm oil industry, it is worthwhile monitoring the development of its crude palm oil (CPO) production and price. But the prices of palm oil not pegged by the government, it always fluctuated every time year depending on the economic condition. There are many uses of palm oil in our daily life, such as edible oil and soap. Nowadays, the value of palm oil has been increasing quickly because of the decreasing the import tariffs for palm oil and the land for palm oil plantation also increased to expand their business to produce more product of palm oil. Other than that, the Malaysian palm oil also face some effective competitive strength. There are many factor that influence the price of palm oil such as hectares of land, supply of palm oil, export of palm oil, and consumption of palm oil. But before make this research, we must obtain data from other resources to examine the model to test it with econometric model. This study will provide data for 29 years annually in terms of prices of palm oil its production, export and its consumption. Econometric model were developed to analysis the relationship between this prices of palm oil and its economic variable whether the relationship is significant or not. This economic variable test one by one to check the relationship. This study will determine by ordinary least square method to test the independent variable. LITERATURE REVIEW The previous study have been made to understand the impact of palm oil based-biodiesel demand on palm oil prices (Ramli; Roslan and Ayatollah, K 2007). Nowadays biodiesel has become an important fuel to our society. It is because of the growing concern for the environment. Demand for the biodiesel has become higher, and that effect to the volume of palm oil available in the market that putting its prices increased sharply since July 2006. That days, the prices of palm oil influenced by the stock, supply, production. From July 2006 onwards, biofuel become a serious fuel of his renewable production. Biodiesel mainly from palm has increased the demand and altered the economics of palm oil. This study using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). This method have been proven to forecast the palm oil prices from July 2006 to end 2007. Supporting to this journal, the prices of petroleum and vegetable oil down to be moving slowly together. (Anna Awad, Fatimah, 2009). This previous studies have been made to find the long term relationship the prices of crude oil and vegetable oil. They using the Engle-Granger two-stage to do the method. This study use data over the period from January 1983 to March 2008. The two products show the result of the strong evidence of a long relationship. Began in the 1970s until 21 century, the price for all commodities increased between January 2000 and March 2008. The increased of the prices caused by the increased petroleum price more than 300%, while food prices increased 107% during the same period and vegetables oil increased of 192%. Besides that,(Mohd Nasir, 2003) said that Malaysia is the largest producer and Indonesia is the second largest producer. This two country is the exporter where they contribute 89.6% of palm oil trade in the world and 83.5 % of production. They also export crude palm oil (CPO) and other than that processed palm oil (PPO). The Malaysia exporting quantities of CPO increased from 0.4 million tones to 1.3 million tones in 2000 and 2001, followed by exports of Indonesian CPO increased from 1.8 to 2.0 million tones. Both country also contributed PPO which is the larger share of palm products. CPO and PPO in Malaysian were lower than Indonesia in 2001 and 2002. Both countries products imposed by the tariffs with the objectives initially raising revenue. For example, in Malaysia is to encouraging down stream while for Indonesia it reflected to consumer down. Both country have been imposed taxes on export, and there is a difference way the exports duty payable. (Ahmad Borhan and Mohd Arif, 2009) said that the prices of palm oil and it comprises crude palm oil and processed palm oil is a strong indicator of the level of palm oil stock. The stock of palm oil has been hovered around 1 million tones. With this amount, the volume has become the psychological which prices tend to be bullish and bearish, respectively. The end of stock fully depends on the export of palm oil and its production. While local consumption and import play minor roles. The Malaysian palm oil industry has estimated that 1.8 million tones could become the new level of palm oil stock. But it all based on change in the supply and demand factors. (James, 2008) said that the prices of crude palm oil (CPO) has a strong relationship with stock according to the conventional economics. The economics of oils and fats had changed in the last two years, that cause both prices and rising in tandem according to traditional economic theory. Because of created the new role played by biodiesel, the strong signs of a linkages also created. The palm oil prices should take into one account of two factors, the petroleum price and the amount of oil stocks. The price band can determines by prices of petroleum. While the stocks can show high or low palm oil prices. Malaysias economic development has indeed been impressive by the contribution of the palm oil industry. (Sabri, Salmiah,Faizah and Nik Abdullah, 2008). It also changing the market trends and rapid development and has continued to pose challenge. The development of oil and fats industry are provides and has undergone in terms of world balance. In the previous journal, (Mohd Basri, Mohd Arif, and Jamil, 2008) said that in the past, there have been spikes in the palm oil prices, especially to the demand and supply imbalance of oils and fats. But since mid 2006, spikes have become more sustained. Besides that, spikes also been attributed to the supply and demand of edible oils and fats and also to the increasing demand for the fuel. Because of the increased of palm oil, the demand curve shifted to the right. The prices of oils have been increased slightly. (Ayat K Faizah, Ramli Abdullah and Nurul Hufaidah, 2007) study on how to examines volatility spill over. The study focus on between the domestic prices of palm oil and what major factor to the prices volatility. From the research, palm oil has moderate price volatility. And effort should be made to sustained the price of crude palm oil (CPO) to minimize volatility in other prices caused of the prices of (CPO) become a price leader among the other palm oil products. There was a model to developed to forecast prices of palm oil products in domestic. (Ramli and Mohd Alias, 2006). Malaysia also known the worlds biggest exporter of the palm oil and associated with palm oil. Because of the largest exporter the world, it become important for the country to lead the commoditys production and its price and can be used to determine the country revenue or in process of decision making. The objective of this paper is to analyses them econometrically and to forecast. The paper forecast that in the future, the production of palm oil can increased. By 2020, the production of palm oil can reach 22 million tones. Prices of palm oil also can fluctuated but in the future, its amount of prices increasing gradually. (Basri; Mohd Fauzi; Mohd Noor Mamat and Rosli, 2007) analyses the impact of lifting the export tax on Malaysian crude palm oil. Firstly, the equation is developed, especially on processed palm oil (PPO) and crude palm oil(CPO). The study comes out with the conceptual model of the Malaysian palm oil market model, such as the palm oil supply, oil palm area, imports and exports of palm oil products, domestic consumption, domestic price relationship and stocks IntermediationConceptual Framework. Independent variable Dependent var. Factor/supporting Price of palm oil Relationship Production (supply) Export Consumption Land area (Hectares) Mediating Independent variable There are 4 factor that influences the price of palm oil. There are production (supply), export, consumption and land area in hectares. This independent variable also can support the price of palm oil. Production can influences the prices of palm oil by the supply in the market, the more supply in the market, the more it can influences the prices of palm oil. It mean that, if the supply exceed the demand of the market, many unit of production are waste because of the demand not equal to the unit of production in the market. So to increase the demand in the market, firm can reduces prices of the production in order to attract the demand of the market. Low prices of the production can increased the demand of the production in the market. Export also can influences the prices of palm oil in the market by having a export more than import in the market can make a country deficit in terms of profit. Same like production, but export trade in other country and make a international business in order to gain profit. If have much demand in palm oil from other country, it means that, we should export more to achieved the demand from other country. From this situation, our country can take advantages to increase the prices of palm oil respectively. Consumption also can influences the prices of palm oil. It depends on how the consumer fully utilized the use of palm oil. If the consumer already knew the use of the palm oil, easy to them to know how important the palm oil in our society. Because of that, the consumer will ask for the palm oil and directly increased the demand for palm oil. Other than that, land area of plantation also can influences the prices of palm oil. If we plant more trees of palm oil in land, we are producing more palm oil in the market. If the supply of the palm oil in the market exceed than demand, than many surplus to that product. So to overcome this problem, firm must reduced the prices of palm oil to attract consumer to buy the palm oil. But it is good to the firm if the demand more than supply, then the firm can increased the price of palm oil in order to gain profit. Dependent variable The price of palm oil is depend to this four factor, this four factor can influences the prices of palm oil whether wants to increased or decreased. DATA METHODOLOGY LEAST SQUARE METHOD (SINGLE REGRESSION) and (MULTIPLE REGRESSION) The framework developed in this study is drawn both from econometric method (which is based on the economic theory) and the system dynamics approach. This section discusses the econometric model using least square method. Its to correlate and examine the relationships among dependent variable and independent variable. It is a economic theory form with statistical methods. Factor determinants of prices of palm oil in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). consists of 4 factor that influence the price of palm oil, there are production (supply), export in tones, consumption of palm oil and land area of plantation of palm oil in hectares. The first step is finding time series data from 1980 to 2009, which influence the price of palm oil to make a research and then describe it according to the econometric model. To regress the econometric model we must use the data which influence the prices of palm oil. So this 4 factor is the important data to make a research. After regress, we can identified relationship between dependent and independent variables. These 4 factor also known as independent variable and price of palm oil also known as dependent variable which price of palm oil depend on this 4 independent variable whether to increase or decrease. The prices of palm always fluctuate depend on this 4 independent variable. To test this independent variable had a relationship between price or not, the econometric model by using least square method use to test one by one of this independent variable whether this independent variable has a relationship between dependent variable. After test this econometric model, we look to the T-statistics, R-squared, Durbin-Watson stat. if t-stat are less than 2, this means that there is no relationship between independent variable and dependent variable and also known as is not significant. If more than 2, there is a relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. After test one by one, we should regress all dependent variable using multiple regress because of explanatory variable is more than one to check whether all independent variable significant or not. 4. MODEL LISTING AND FINDING Least square method-POPt=+bX Between dependent variable and independent variable Variable C Std-error T-stat R-Squared DW-stat Prob PROD 483.2153 1.51E05 -3.55 0.310563 0.264663 0.0014 EXP 626.5528 0.000104 -2.42 0.173625 0.311140 0.0220 CONS 435.8310 01.73E-05 -3.64 0.321860 0.254297 0.0011 L.AREA 97.77170 1.86E-05 7.67 0.678609 0.571303 0.0000 Analysis of data: Used e-view to regress and estimation using Ordinary least square based on dependent variable and independent variables from the data collected. PPOt=price of palm oil in the market PROD=production of palm oil(supply) EXP=export of palm oil to the world demand (tones) CONS=consumption of palm oil in this market L.AREA=landarea of palm oil plantation in Malaysia (hectares) Result of regression between POPt and PROD Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: PROD POPt=483.2153-5.37E-05t t-statistic=-3.55.ignore sign negative, accept Ho, because there is a relationship between price and production because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So production can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared =0.310563 Explanation. 31.05% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 68.95% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=1.51E05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.264663 Explanation. There is a problem in auto-correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0014 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability is less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and EXP Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: EXP POPt=626.5528-0.000252t t-statistic=-2.42. ignore sign negative, also accept Ho, because there also a relationship between price and export because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So export also can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.173625 Explanation. 17.36% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 82.64% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=0.000104 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.311140 Explanation. There also have a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0220 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship among dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and CONS Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: CONS POPt=435.8310-6.31E-05t t-statistic=-3.64. ignore sign negative. accept Ho, because there is a relationship between price and export because t-statistic shows that it is no significant and above 2. So consumption can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.321860 Explanation. 32.18% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 67.82% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=01.73E-05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.254297 Explanation. There is a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0011 Explanation. This variable also significant 0.05 (5%) significant level 95% confidence level. If probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship among dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and LANDAREA Dependent variable: POPt and independent variable: L.AREA POPt=97.77170+0.000143t t-statistic=7.67. accept Ho, because there is a relationship between prices and landarea because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So landarea can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.678609 Explanation. 67.86% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 32.14% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables Std-error=1.86E-05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.571303 Explanation. Also have a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2 Probability=0.0000 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Multiple Regression Test using first difference Dependent variable=POPt Coefficient Probability Dlnpdc -2.234175 0.0724 Dlnland 0.417220 0.1939 Dlnexp 1.778560 0.0036 Dlncnsptn 0.794493 0.1748 C -0.041683 0.4468 R-squared=0.520161 Durbin Watson=1.511417 Dlnprice=-0.041683+0.794493+1.778560+0.417220-2.234175 We using the first difference method because we want to make the data significant. Before regress the data using first difference, we must log all the data to make the probability below than 0.005, in order to make the data significant. After regress, we found that only probability for Dlnexp less than 0.005. Mean that only dlnexp significant and other independent variable not significant because over than 0.005. Other independent variable not significant because of multicollinearity and autocorrelation problem. Multicollinearity defined that, there is no linear relationships among the explanatory variables. Autocorrelation can be defined as correlation between members of observations ordered in time (as in time series data) CONCLUSION AND RESULT Malaysian is the second producer in the world who produce palm oil. These production can improved our country economy by exporting the palm oil market to other country because our country contribute 89.6 of palm oil trade in the world. Palm oil have many used in our daily life, used of palm oil influence the demand of palm oil in market. More demand of palm oil in market, more increased the price of palm oil per tones. After finished doing this proposal, there are 4 factor that determinant the price of palm oil in Malaysian palm oil market. This 4 factor are production of palm oil, export of palm oil, consumption of palm oil and hectares of plantation of palm oil. This 4 factor test one by one to check whether there is a relationship between this factor to the price. To test it, we use least square method in econometrics. And this all four factor can influence the price of palm oil because t-statistic more than 2. Multiple regression also has been test, and only one independent variable was significant and other independent variable not significant.

Windows Xp Architecture Vs. Mac Os X Architecture Essay examples -- In

Windows XP vs. Mac OS X Architecture When looking at the interface of the Mac OS X Operating System and the Microsoft Windows XP operating system many similarities can be seen. The most obvious is the use of blue in the interface. In the core of the systems they both have a micro kernel which addresses thread management, space management and other communications at the system level and is more resistant to attacks from a virus. Mac OS X is a powerful development platform; it supports multiple development technologies like UNIX, Java, Cocoa and Carbon. It also is host to many open source, web, scripting, database and development technologies. It was build around the integrated stack of graphics and media technologies such as QuickTime, Quartz, Core Image and Core Audio. Mac OS X is based on the Mach Kernel and the BSD implementation of UNIX which were originally incorporated into the NEXTSTEP operating system. Many aspects of the Mac OS X architecture are derived from OPENSTEP / NEXTSTEP which was designed to be an easy transition from one platform to another. At the core of this system is Darwin, an open source UNIX like operating system built around the XNU kernel with standard UNIX facilities available from a command line interface. Running on top of this core is several proprietary closed source software such as Aqua (the User Interface) and the Finder application. The Aqua interface is the graphical user interface, it uses soft edges, translucent colors, more color and texture to the windows and it controls most of the systems overall appearance. Apple made this decision during a time that most user interfaces were seen as dull and boring. The Finder is a subset of the user interface as it helps navigate through the s... ...p://www.apple.com/macosx/overview/advancedtechnology.html Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Mac OS X Developer Tools, Retrieved May 26th, 2006, from http://www.apple.com/macosx/developertools/ Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Getting started with Mac OS X, Retrieved May 27th, 2006, from http://developer.apple.com/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/GS_MacOSX/index.html Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.). Introduction to Mac OS X Technology, Retrieved May 27th, 2006, from http://developer.apple.com/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/index.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067 Munro, J. (n.d.). Windows XP Architecture, Retrieved May 25th, 2006, from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,16590,00.asp Microsoft Inc. (n.d.). Windows XP Technical Overview, Retrieved May 29th, 2006, from http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/evaluate/xptechov.mspx

Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay exam

In a well-written short story, different literary elements and terms are incorporated into the story by the author. Ernest Hemingway frequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). The use of symbols in Hills Like White Elephants is utterly important to the plot line and to the fundamental meaning of the story. Through this use of symbolism, the reader can begin to reveal the hidden themes in this short story. Hemingway provides the reader with insight into this story, before it is even read, through the title. The girl in the story mentions the hills that can be seen from the train station and describes them as looking like white elephants. Jig is at a crossroads in her life, accompanied by her partner. She is pregnant and cannot decide whether to choose life for the baby, or to get an abortion. Throughout the story, she experiences persistent uncertainty over what she wants to do with her life. Whatever decision she makes will have a drastic impact in her later years as a woman. While seated at the bar inside the train station, the girl says, â€Å"The hills look like white elephants† (Hemingway). The hills that are spotted in the distance directly parallel the decision that Jig must make. Critic Kenneth Johnston was recorded stating, â€Å"A white elephant is a rare pale-gray variety of an Asian elephant held sacred by the Burmese and Siamese. The girl’s reverence for lif e is captured by this meaning of the phrase.† Johnston also says, â€Å"A white ... ...ephants.† Studies in American Fiction. Vol. 10. No. 2. Gale Group, 1999. 233-238. Web. 8 Jan. 2015. Link, Alex. Staking Everything on It: A stylistic Analysis f Linguistic Patterns in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.†. The Hemmingway Review. 23.2 (Spring 2004); 66-74. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century Literary Critisism. Vol. 203. Detroit; Gale, 66-74. Literature Resources from Gale. Gale. . 12 Jan. 2015 Rankin, Paul. Hemmingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† Explicator. 63.4 (Summer 2005): 234-237. Rpt. In Short Story Critisism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 117. Detroit: Gale, 234-237. Literature Resources from Gale. Gale. . 12 Jan. 2015. â€Å"Symbolism†. WordNet - About WordNet. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. . â€Å"Train†. University of Michigan. Web. 19 Jan 2015. .

Operating Plan Essay

We will First Operate in major metro cities, starting with Bangalore, and then Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Goa, Pune, Kolkata, Gujarat etc. After Targeting to these cities, we will try to target the rural India which is almost 70 % of India. How will we promote? We will promote through ADVERTISEMENT in ONLINE FORUM, SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES, Locally famous Theatres, Souvenirs given to customers, App Stores, android market apps, PRINT MEDIA which is almost read by every other person commonly, like Hindu, Times of India, etc in Bangalore and also some local brands etc. What will be our sales promotion activity? People would be able to book a whole van for family get together, a birthday party with their movies, buffet lunch or dinner etc all made available in the bus, with some prior booking of minimum 7 days. Also if a school or college wants to show a educational review, or a documentary to their students, the team may take care, go to school and show help them with all things they needed with prior booking. We will be also issuing a pass which will be a three time annual pass in which you can see movie thrice a month with that pass redeeming every time you come. This will be mainly for our day today customers. The annual pass will also contain coupons for free popcorn, or some discount on meal and also some other value added services. How Will We Sell? Our main aim is to earn profit with creating a strong customer relationship. We will sell our Tickets through our own website, Bookmyshow.com. After some time in long term we will make our own apps in Iphone, android market, Ipad etc. The Timings will be pre decided, and a weeks timetable will also be decided, which will show not only new movies, but sometimes a educational film, and local language films of the city we operate in. Where will we park? We will park our cinevan in a short distance from our customers place. A max of 1 km far in any locality we decided. We will park somewhere where there is ample of space for vehicles to come and go. This will help in regulating the traffic. We will also take prior permissions for all our places, etc How will we get our caravan? We will import in the beginning and then we will try and improvise our team and add some designers who can design our caravan which will be more spacious etc. our current caravan will accommodate around 70 people at a time. How will Caravan be like? Caravan will be a bus which will have a same experience as if you are sitting In a multiplex. The Acoustics department will be taken care of and a finest of all will be used there.

Abraham Lincoln: Civil War President Essay

â€Å"I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.† Abraham Lincoln What seems to be very superficial about the nature and character of Abraham Lincoln proves to be quite profound after an extensive investigation of his life. Mystifying his contemporaries and modern historians alike, the numerous volumes of scholarly research over the past 150 years is evidence of the challenges incidental to unraveling the complexities of the man many refer to as the â€Å"great emancipator.† Richard Carwadine’s Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power and William Gienapp’s Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America present excellent biographical research that contrast and compliment their subject and describe the extenuating circumstances that only adds to Lincoln’s complexity. Carwadine’s research â€Å"covers familiar ground but sets itself apart by focusing closely on questions about Lincoln’s political ambition and agenda and his exercise of power.† See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The American public is quick to judge their presidents while assessing their achievements critically and without reserve. Carwadine argues that Lincoln’s â€Å"great achievement was to set ambitious but realizable political goals; to fathom the thinking of ordinary citizens and to reach out to them with uncommon assurance; and to hone his impressive skills as a manager of the often unstable and fractious elements that made up the political parties to which he belonged.† [2] Gienapp’s â€Å"primary ambition is to show how the green, upstart president handled the four years of crisis†¦and how he became such an extraordinary war leader.†[3] The transformation from his humble origins as a rail-splitter to masterful politician and leader of the nation appears to simply defy explanation. However, Lincoln remains and enigma for many people. He is confusing, difficult to understand, and by many accounts, appears to be incapable of executing the simplest of tasks. Yet, this is the wonder of Lincoln’s character and what makes him appealing to so many. â€Å"His ambition—and particularly his hunger for public recognition—had been evident from his young manhood in the early 1830s.† [4] Obviously, in order to develop a greater understanding of who Abraham Lincoln was, one must take a brief look into his childhood. Modern psychologists might suggest that Lincoln’s family was very dysfunctional. His father’s constant relocation of the family and never seeming to be satisfied to become more than a simple farmer, only contributed to the strained relationship between Lincoln and his father. Most prominent people throughout history have often cited a parent, sibling, or other close relative or friend as having been a great influence on their life. Not so for Lincoln who upon losing his mother to milk sickness, went on to form a constructive and enduring bond with his stepmother. A remarkable woman, Sarah Bush Lincoln exerted an enormous influence on Abraham†¦who he called â€Å"Mama.† He later said that â€Å"she had been his best Friend in this world and that no Son could love a Mother more than he loved her.† [5] The same cannot be said of Lincoln’s relationship with his father, which at best was superficial and distant. When Lincoln received word of his father’s failing health and was requested to return home at once, Lincoln declined to come to his father’s side. When his father passed on, Lincoln did not attend the funeral. It was a testament to his feelings toward his father. And, if Lincoln had ever harbored any ill will or inner hatred about his father, he never let it be known. Lincoln seldom discussed his relationship with his father, let alone his family, and his reticence was quite characteristic of the man who would someday maintain the same trait as president. I would argue that their troubled relationship was the primary reason that â€Å"throughout his life, Abraham Lincoln keenly regretted the lack of educational opportunities in his youth.† [6] Lacking the stability of a consistent family life, Lincoln was not afforded the type of educational opportunities that most of his contemporaries enjoyed. On the upside, Lincoln possessed the strong individualistic spirit that was epitomized by the frontier that served to enhance his image. Most would consider his constant reading as idleness, or simply being down right lazy. But for Lincoln, spending time in his books not only gave him time alone, which he craved, it also provided him the opportunity to learn and instill the all important characteristic of self-improvement. Not being one to hold grudges, â€Å"Lincoln’s own experience of getting on in life tended to sharpen rather than to blur his meritocratic vision, though the process was complex.† [7] This philosophy would become the foundation for Lincoln’s outlook on life and would eventually transcend his presidency. Many of Lincoln’s contemporaries, and modern historians, have suggested his views of self have contributed to his melancholic approach to life in general and the fatalistic view that pervades his thought process. Lincoln believed â€Å"there was no freedom of will, that men had no free choice.† [8] Perhaps this explains Lincoln’s indifference toward his father and family. It may even further explain his apparent negativism and melancholy perspective on life’s events. Contrary to popular belief, however, â€Å"fatalism†¦did not always show itself negatively in Lincoln, since it sometimes seems to have given him the assurance he needed to persist in whatever course of action he believed had been thus ordained.† [9] While some scholars might determine Lincoln’s fatalist outlook would be a detriment to his abilities to lead the nation, especially during the Civil War, I would argue to the contrary; I believe it forced Lincoln to become more aware, more conscious, of his own ambitions and how he might individually impact society. Lincoln could become easily frustrated and moody, I believe, because of his strong desire to surpass his father’s legacy. Not only was he a man of convictions, Lincoln would continually strive to become someone of significance. Politics would become the avenue by which he could do just that. Gienapp argues â€Å"Lincoln’s greatest ambition had always been to serve in the Senate.† [10] He possessed a strong desire to serve humankind and had the fortune to establish himself as a politician. It was during his time in the Illinois legislature, and later, through his debates with Stephen Douglas over the extension of slavery, that Lincoln developed his political ideals that would aid him during the tumultuous times in the White House. Lincoln seemed to possess an innate sense for the understanding of his constituency and direction of public opinion. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he sensed a new moral outrage that existed not only in his home state of Illinois, but also throughout much of the northern United States. Although Lincoln had always maintained his distaste for the institution of slavery, â€Å"his moral passion now ran deeper as he shifted his primary focus from economic issues to slavery.† [11] The adoption of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 would give rise to the formation of a new anti-slavery party that would eventually become the Republican Party. When discussion over the repeal of the Missouri Compromise surfaced, Lincoln â€Å"avoided any discussion in his speeches of nativism, prohibition, or even economic issues†¦instead, he focused exclusively on the Kansas-Nebraska Act.† [12] It was at this time in his career that Lincoln was becoming a well-known and popular orator among the Illinois populace and was often invited to speak outside his congressional district. Lincoln used these opportunities to begin to formulate and promote his thoughts on slavery. Although much of his argument was based on earlier anti-slavery leaders, such as Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln presented them in an unusually effective manner. [13] I believe it was during this time period that Lincoln also began to sense that he was destined to accomplish something great for mankind. I do not, however, believe he had intentions of becoming president, or ending slavery outright, but there seems to have existed a spark that ignited a unique passion within Lincoln that had not existed previously. I believe he began to formulate his most inward thoughts and outwardly transform them to conform to public opinion. I must point out, however, that this did not mean Lincoln simply told the public what they wanted to hear, rather he possessed a unique skill in knowing when to reveal his opinions to the public and present them in a way that appealed to their common senses. Although not a charismatic speaker, Lincoln was enchanting and knew how to move a crowd. â€Å"It was at this point in his career that the Declaration of Independence became a significant component of Lincoln’s thought. Hailing it as the first precept of our ancient faith, he henceforth designated it (rather than the Constitution) as the nation’s founding charter.† [14] This change of direction would become instrumental in Lincoln’s upward advancement through the American political process and explain the reasons why, as president, he would expand the constitutional powers of the presidency through the justification that his actions were out of necessity for the preservation of the Union. Just how did Lincoln become president? For many students of history Lincoln is an enigma. By modern standards, his humble background, gangly physical features (altogether homely as described by some), and irritating speech would hardly present the kind of credentials necessary to win a party nomination, yet alone, presidential election. However, in 1860, presidents were normally selected based on their potential to govern. A candidate’s skills and abilities along with previous governmental experience were paramount to winning the party’s nomination, and hopefully, national election. Supporters were drawn to Lincoln’s nomination for the Republican Party as president. Lincoln was not a front-runner by any means. Yet his national notoriety and speeches on slavery, the 1858 Senatorial debates with Douglas, and pragmatic and humble nature manifest itself a grass-roots appeal among the party’s delegates that would help to propel him to the presidency. â€Å"America’s new mass democratic forms had put a premium on the electable, or available, candidate. A sequence of nominations in every presidential race since 1840 had shown that national political standing and proven executive ability came in a poor second to supposed electoral availability.† [15] There are several avenues of research to follow regarding Lincoln’s presidency. I will conclude my paper by looking at the constitutional issues surrounding his decision to emancipate the slaves in 1863. â€Å"One of Lincoln’s strengths as a war leader was that he always kept his focus on the larger questions, rather than becoming embroiled in personal disputes.† [16] From the onset, Lincoln made it clear that his intentions toward the Confederacy were to not interfere with slavery where it existed. He consistently maintained his opposition to the extension of slavery into the Western Territories. Despite his claims, eleven Southern states would secede from the Union and form the Confederacy. The question now before the president was what course of action is required to end the state of rebellion that existed in the Southern part of the United States. â€Å"The steps that Lincoln took during the early stages of the war showed an impressive and instinctive grasp of strategic essentials. He had three main objectives. He must nourish and sustain northern political support†¦do all in his power to strengthen the Unionist elements in the upper tier of slave states†¦prevent the war from becoming an international conflict.† [17] The slave question was the most difficult issue before the president. â€Å"Because he had no constitutional power to interfere with slavery in the states, and because he needed to retain the support of Border States and Democrats, Lincoln†¦repeatedly defined his policy as restoration of the Union—which of course meant a Union with slavery.† [18] The issues over emancipation were complex. The Confederacy was already using slaves as laborers in their war effort. If Lincoln were to emancipate escaped slaves that reached Union lines, they too could be used for service in the Union army and navy. However, Lincoln was reluctant to adopt such a policy for fear of losing the Border States. Secessionist movements already existed in Maryland and in the war’s early months, threatened to envelop Washington, D.C. and thus separate the nation’s capitol from the North. But as the war became a prolonged affair, Lincoln began referring to the term â€Å"indispensable means† to preserve the Union. [19] Determining what exactly this meant was left to Lincoln’s interpretation that his actions, or â€Å"means that under normal conditions would be deemed unnecessary, even extraconstitutional, might in extremis become an indispensable necessity to achieve a lawful end† [20] and as â€Å"field hands and military laborers, slaves gave the Confederates formidable strength. Extraordinary measures—emancipation by proclamation—had become the indispensable means to preserve the national existence.† [21] Unfortunately for Lincoln, the issuance of the proclamation was also political. Without any major Union victory on the battlefield, emancipation might appear to be a last-ditch effort at winning the war. By mid-1862, when Lincoln first formed the basis of the proclamation, the Union army had yet to win a decisive battle against the Rebels in the Eastern Theater. The president would appear to have no real backing for issuing the emancipation proclamation until a decisive victory had been won. That opportunity came in mid-September when Lee’s army was forced to retreat from Maryland after the battle of Antietam. Lincoln then took advantage of the Union â€Å"victory† and formally announced the proclamation on September 22, 1862. The emancipation proclamation would go into effect on January 1, 1863 and would only affect those slaves residing in Southern states that remained in rebellion. â€Å"With a stroke of the pen, Lincoln had changed the nature of the war. Both sides understood that the war had been fundamentally transformed, that the Union was no longer fighting to restore the old Union but to create a new one.† [22] Gienapp and Cawardine hold similar viewpoints in their overall assessment of Abraham Lincoln, however, their focus varies. In the scope of the Civil War, Gienapp concludes that Lincoln â€Å"became an accomplished and extraordinary president†¦had a sure sense of timing, knew when to stand firm and when to compromise, and displayed an absolute genius for getting individuals of diverse viewpoints to work together.† [23] There is nothing profound about his assessment and accurately represents the humble nature of Lincoln. Cawardine’s conclusion transcends Lincoln’s death that is embraced by what Henry Ward Beecher described as â€Å"a new impulse of patriotism.† [24] Furthermore, he â€Å"bequeathed an enhanced and ambitious nationalism to his successors†¦whose†¦practical policy grew from a strong sense of moral purpose and his course as president was shaped not by impulsive, self-aggrandizing action or self-righteousness, but by deep thought, breadth of vision, careful concern for consequences, and a remarkable lack of pride.† [25] Even though Lincoln may remain an enigma to modern historians, one is hard pressed to fail to recognize the fortitude and courage of a man so humble, so simple, so unqualified to be president, but to recognize he truly arrived at his life’s ambition—to be a humble servant of his fellow man. What a powerful testament and legacy Lincoln left for posterity. [1] Rasmussen, R. Kent. Library Journal. Vol. 131, Issue 20 (Dec., 2006), p. 181. [2] Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power. (New York: Knopf Publishing), 2003, p. x. [3] Gienapp, William. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America. (New York: Oxford University Press), 2002, p. xi. [4] Carwardine, p. 3. [5] Gienapp, pp. 4-5. [6] Ibid., p. 5. [7] Carwardine, p. 19. [8] Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity†. The Journal of Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), p. 57. [9] Ibid., p. 58. [10] Gienapp, p. 53. [11] Ibid. p. 50. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid., p. 51 [14] Ibid. [15] Carwardine, p. 111. [16] Gienapp, p. 97. [17] Carwardine, p. 164. [18] McPherson, James. â€Å"How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation†. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), p. 108. [19] Carwardine, p. 198. [20] Ibid. [21] Ibid., p. 207. [22] Gienapp, p. 125. [23] Ibid., p. 192. [24] Carwardine, p. 321. [25] Ibid. BIBLIOGRAPHY The journal articles and essays listed below provided a deeper understanding of Abraham Lincoln and were complimentary to the primary research materials for my paper. Each reading provided additional insight on Lincoln and served to enhance my completed paper. I’ve only cited direct quotes and ideas from individual articles while inferring generalizations from the complete works listed below. The following essays provide critical analysis of Lincoln’s overall approach to the political process through the examination of his personal views and attitudes to the political climate during the antebellum and Civil War years. Carwardine, Richard. â€Å"Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War†. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), pp. 27-55. Rawley, James. â€Å"The Nationalism of Abraham Lincoln Revisited†. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 22, No. 1 (Winter, 2001), pp. 33-88. Siemers, David. â€Å"Principles Pragmatism: Abraham Lincoln’s Method of Political Analysis†, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec. 2004), pp. 804-827. The following essays offer a concise overview of Lincoln’s handling of emancipation and the issue of civil liberties for blacks; and the complications associated in dealing with the abolitionist movement and retention of Border States during his tenure in office. Berwanger, Eugene. â€Å"Lincoln’s Constitutional Dilemma: Emancipation and Black Suffrage. Papers of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 5 (1983), pp. 25-38. Gienapp, William. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Border States†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 13 (1992), pp. 13-46. Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Lincoln and the Abolitionists†, The Wilson Quarterly (1976-), Vol. 24, No. 4 (Autumn, 2000), pp. 58-70. McPherson, James. â€Å"How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation†, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), pp. 108-109. An in-depth examination of Lincoln’s alternative to the law of war is masterfully presented in Burrus Carnahan’s Act of Justice: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky), 2007. Although there exists a great deal of scholarship on the question of constitutional authority and executive power, these listed below offered a succinct overview of the manner in which Lincoln answered his critics and charges of extending executive power beyond what was historically granted the president and its impact on the modern executive. Balz, Herman. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and American Constitutionalism†, The Review of Politics. Vol. 50, No. 2 (Spring, 1988), pp. 169-197. Fehrenbacher, Don and Tudor, Jacob. â€Å"Lincoln’s Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 9 (1987), pp. 1-18. Guelzo, Allen. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln and the Doctrine of Necessity†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1997), pp. 57-81. Hyman, H. M. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln, Legal Positivism, and Constitutional History†, Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Vol. 13 (1992), pp. 1-11. Kleinerman, Benjamin. â€Å"Lincoln’s Example: Executive Power and the Survival of Constitutionalism†, Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 2005), pp. 801-816. McLaughlin, Andrew. â€Å"Lincoln, the Constitution, and Democracy†, International Journal of Ethics. Vol. 47, No. 1 (Oct., 1936), pp. 1-24. Underwood, James. â€Å"Lincoln: A Weberian Politician Meets the Constitution†, Presidential Studies Quarterly. Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jun., 2004), pp. 341-365. Obviously, no study on Lincoln would be complete without the investigation into the conduct of the Civil War itself. The works listed below presented valuable insight into the challenges facing the newly elected president, the issues surrounding the restoration and Reconstruction of the nation, the origins of the development of the Union policy of total war, and lastly, the unique perspective of the manner in which the Southern soldier fought during the war. Donald, David. â€Å"The Confederate as a Fighting Man†, The Journal of Southern History. Vol. 25, No. 2 (May, 1959), pp. 178-193. Kaczorowski, Robert. â€Å"To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War†, The American Historical Review. Vol. 92, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 45-68. Ramsdell, Charles. â€Å"Lincoln and Fort Sumter†, The Journal of Southern History. Vol. 3, No. 3 (Aug., 1937), pp. 259-288. Sutherland, Daniel. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War†, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Oct., 1992), pp. 567-586. Scholarly research on the life and political career of Abraham Lincoln is nothing new. For my paper, the primary books selected for my research are not extraordinary, but serve to compliment the volumes of works dedicated to our nation’s sixteenth president. A well-known Civil War historian wrote one of my selected books while a non-American authored the second. I thought this would enhance my research that might present two varying biographical perspectives on Lincoln. I can honestly state that I was not disappointed by either work. Gienapp, William. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War. (New York: Oxford University Press), 2002. Carwardine, Richard. Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power. (New York: Knopf Publishing), 2003.